哲学家苏格拉底 　　Socrates 　　HewasprominentlylampoonedinAristophanes'comedyTheClouds,producedwhenSocrateswasinhismid-forties;hesaidathistrial(accordingtoPlato)thatthelaughterofthetheaterwasahardertasktoanswerthantheargumentsofhisaccusers.SørenKierkegaardbelievedthisplaywasamoreaccuraterepresentationofSocratesthanthoseofhisstudents.Intheplay,Socratesisridiculedforhisdirtiness,whichisassociatedwiththeLaconizingfad;alsoinplaysbyCallias,Eupolis,andTelecleides.OthercomicpoetswholampoonedSocratesincludeMnesimachusandAmeipsias.Inallofthese,SocratesandtheSophistswerecriticisedfor"themoraldangersinherentincontemporarythoughtandliterature". 　　柏拉图 　　Plato 　　Compositionofthedialogues 　　Narrationofthedialogues 　　TrialofSocrates 　　科学家达尔文 　　CharlesRobertDarwin 　　Darwinwasaprolificwriter.Evenwithoutpublicationofhisworksonevolution,hewouldhavehadaconsiderablereputationastheauthorofTheVoyageoftheBeagle,asageologistwhohadpublishedextensivelyonSouthAmericaandhadsolvedthepuzzleoftheformationofcoralatolls,andasabiologistwhohadpublishedthedefinitiveworkonbarnacles.WhileTheOriginofSpeciesdominatesperceptionsofhiswork,TheDescentofManandTheExpressionoftheEmotionsinManandAnimalshadconsiderableimpact,andhisbooksonplantsincludingThePowerofMovementinPlantswereinnovativestudiesofgreatimportance,aswashisfinalworkonTheFormationofVegetableMouldthroughtheActionofWorms. 　　思想家、哲学家亚里士多德 　　Aristotle 　　TheworksofAristotlethathavesurvivedfromantiquitythroughmedievalmanuscripttransmissionarecollectedintheCorpusAristotelicum.Thesetexts,asopposedtoAristotle'slostworks,aretechnicalphilosophicaltreatisesfromwithinAristotle'sschool.ReferencetothemismadeaccordingtotheorganizationofImmanuelBekker'sRoyalPrussianAcademyedition(AristotelisOperaediditAcademiaRegiaBorussica,Berlin,1831–1870),whichinturnisbasedonancientclassificationsoftheseworks. 　　作家马克·吐温 　　SamuelLanghorneClemens(November30,1835–April21,1910),betterknownbyhispennameMarkTwain,wasanAmericanauthorandhumorist. 　　AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn, 　　TheAdventuresofTomSawyer