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菊花与刀英文概要要一篇菊花与刀的英语概要大约300字左右
更新时间: 2025-08-26 19:04:28
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问题描述:

菊花与刀英文概要

要一篇菊花与刀的英语概要

大约300字左右

李旻朔回答:
  TheChrysanthemumandtheSword:   PatternsofJapaneseCultureisaninfluentialstudyofJapanbyRuthBenedictbegunin1944attheinvitationoftheOfficeofWarInformationinordertounderstandandpredictthebehavioroftheJapaneseinWorldWarII.ThebookwasinfluentialinshapingAmericanideasaboutJapanesecultureduringtheOccupationofJapan,andpopularizedthedistinctionbetweenguiltculturesandshamecultures.   Althoughithasreceivedsometimesharshcriticism,thebookhascontinuedtobeinfluential.Twoanthropologistswrotein1992thatthereis"asenseinwhichallofushavebeenwritingfootnotesto[Chrysanthemum]sinceitappearedin1946".   ThebookalsoaffectedJapaneseconceptionsofthemselveswhenitwastranslatedintoJapanesein1948.In2005,fifteenyearsafteritwastranslatedintoChinese,thebookbecameabestsellerinthePeople'sRepublicofChinawhenrelationswithJapansoured.   Researchcircumstances   ThisbookwhichresultedfromBenedict'swartimeresearch,likeseveralotherOWIwartimestudiesofJapanandGermany,[4]isaninstanceof"anthropologyatadistance,"thatis,studyofaculturethroughitsliterature,newspaperclippings,filmsandrecordings,andextensiveinterviewswithGerman-AmericansorJapanese-Americans.ThesetechniquesweremadenecessarywhenanthropologistswereunabletovisitNaziGermanyorwartimeJapan.Asonelaterethnographerpointedout,however,although"cultureatadistance"hadthe"elaborateauraofagoodacademicfad,themethodwasnotsodifferentfromwhatanygoodhistoriandoes:tomakethemostcreativeusepossibleofwrittendocuments."[5]Theseanthropologistswereattemptingtounderstandtheculturalpatternsthatmightbedrivingtheaggressionofoncefriendlynations,andhopedtofindpossibleweaknessesormeansofpersuasionthathadbeenmissed.   AmericansfoundthemselvesunabletocomprehendmattersinJapaneseculture.Forinstance,AmericansconsidereditquitenaturalforAmericanprisonersofwartowanttheirfamiliestoknowtheywerealive,andtokeepquietwhenaskedforinformationabouttroopmovements,etc.,whileJapanesePOWs,apparently,gaveinformationfreelyanddidnottrytocontacttheirfamilies.Whywasthat?   [edit]Criticism   Onecritic[who?]haswrittenthatTheChrysanthemumandtheSwordis"longsince...discreditedsinceBenedicthadnodirectexperienceinJapan"anddescribeditas"consideredshallowandovertlyracist".   C.DouglasLummishaswritten:"AftersometimeIrealizedthatIwouldneverbeabletoliveinadecentrelationshipwiththepeopleofthatcountryunlessIcoulddrivethisbook,anditspolitelyarrogantworldview,outofmyhead."[6]   Lummis,whowenttotheVassarCollegearchivestoreviewBenedict’snotes,wrotethathefoundsomeofhermoreimportantpointsweredevelopedfrominterviewswithRobertHashimaaJapanese-AmericannativeoftheUnitedStateswhowastakentoJapanasachild,educatedthere,thenreturnedtotheU.S.beforeWorldWarIIbegan.AccordingtoLummis,whointerviewedHashima,thesecircumstanceshelpedintroduceacertainbiasintoBenedict'sresearch:"Forhim,comingtoJapanforthefirsttimeasateenagersmackinthemiddleofthemilitaristicperiodandhavingnomemoryofthecountrybeforethen,whathewastaughtinschoolwasnot'anideology',itwasJapanitself."
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